Lifelong Learning Records and Digital Portfolios:

Amid rapid technological advancement and constantly evolving labour markets, lifelong learning has become fundamental to both personal and professional development. Today's learners participate in a wide range of educational experiences, from formal degrees and certifications to micro-learning, online courses, and workplace training. As these learning pathways become more diverse and decentralized, managing, verifying, and integrating learning data has grown increasingly complex. Digital portfolios and lifelong learning records (LLRs) have emerged as powerful tools to address this challenge. When combined with blockchain technology, these tools can transform the credentialing process, ensure the integrity of data, and give learners full control over their educational information. This chapter explores the conceptual foundations, technological architectures, benefits, and challenges of blockchain-based lifelong learning records and digital portfolios, offering a vision of how decentralized education management systems could shape the future of learning.